In Princes' Pockets
By Tariq Ali
London Review of Books, July 19, 2007
Edited by Andy Ross
America's Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier
By Robert
Vitalis
Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New
Generation
By Madawi Al-Rasheed
You would think nothing had changed since 9/11. Critical academic works on
the Saudi kleptocracy are rare. Many Arab Studies departments on
Anglo-American campuses receive generous endowments from the Saudis and
other Gulf states.
The interaction between Saudi society and Aramco
had its beginnings when the Saudi government granted its first concessions
to Standard Oil of California in 1933. Local tribal leaders and the royals
collaborated eagerly during the early years, becoming more critical only
after the nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956 created a radical
anti-imperialist fervour that swept the Middle East.
Crown Prince
Faisal became king and his nephew Prince Faisal ibn Musa assassinated him in
1975. Faisal is largely responsible for the Saudi Arabia that exists today,
with its reliance on Wahhabism for social control. Faisal believed that the
only way to defeat Nasser and the godless Communists was by making religion
the central pillar of the Saudi social order and using it ruthlessly against
the enemy.
Even after Saudi oil was fully nationalised in 1980,
Washington's politico-military elite maintained their pledge to defend the
existing Saudi regime and its state whatever the cost. The Sauds kept the
size of the national army and air force to the barest minimum. The armaments
purchased to please the West rust peacefully in desert warehouses.
For a decade and a half, the Pakistan Army sent in contingents to protect
the family in case of internal upheavals. Then, after the first Gulf War,
the U.S. military arrived. American bases in Saudi Arabia and Qatar were
used to launch the war against Iraq. All pretence of independence had gone.
Foreign armies have historically provided one sort of protection;
Wahhabi theology another. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, a Koranic literalist born in
the 18th century, preached a primitive but effective message to the
peninsular Arabs. He found a willing listener in the founder of the Saud
dynasty and a concordat was signed and sealed. The Saud clan would embrace
the Wahhabi interpretation of the Book, and al-Wahhab would work exclusively
with the Saud tribe.
The defeat of 1818 taught the Wahhabis the art
of survival. The Sauds fought with the British against the Ottoman Empire
and later accepted U.S. suzerainty. As Wahhabism was the only permissible
discourse, differences of interpretation and state policy were bound to
erupt. One outcome was al-Qaida.
Tariq Ali
is a novelist, historian, political campaigner and one of New Left Review's
editors. Born in 1943 and raised in Lahore, British India, now Pakistan, he
read Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) at Exeter College, Oxford,
and was elected President of the Oxford Union. He lives in London.
AR (2007) As a garrulously
disputatious Trotskyite, Tariq Ali was one of the more notorious alumni of
my college. His views are often interesting but generally too leftist for me.
Saudi Arabia
By
Susanne Koelbl
Spiegel Online, June 14, 2011
Edited by Andy Ross
King Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, is
86. He was troubled to see the avalanche unleashed by the young protesters
in Tunis. He was disgusted to see what happened to Mubarak in Cairo. But
when the spark of revolution jumped to Bahrain, the king sent in his
national guard soldiers to crush the uprising.
Saudi Arabia cannot
intervene directly in Syria. The House of Saud and the clan of Syrian
President Bashar Assad have eyed each other suspiciously for years, but the
two leaders both want calm in their countries, not change.
Yemen has
been confronted with chaos since the eruption of the Arab Spring. Last week,
the Saudis announced that they were sending a donation of 3 million barrels
of oil to the Yemeni leadership. Saudi Arabia is expected to earn $300
billion in oil revenues this year and is currently responsible for 12
percent of global oil production.
Jamal Khashoggi is one of the most
outspoken intellectuals and progressive thinkers in Saudi Arabia. He was a
good friend of Osama bin Laden in the 1980s and last met him in Sudan in
1995. Khashoggi is building a television network modeled after Al-Jazeera.
Sitting in his office in the Kingdom Tower, 300 meters above the city, he
says: "The absolute monarchy is obsolete. Democracy is the only solution."
Khashoggi confesses that he had long shared bin Laden's view that there
are only two ways to liberate the Arab world of its corrupt regimes: by
infiltrating the political system through its institutions, or by violently
overthrowing the corrupt ruling cliques.
A drive through the kingdom
today reveals a society that senses that things cannot continue the way they
have been going. A decree recently issued by the king, under which the grand
mufti and other clerics can no longer be criticized, probably says more
about the dwindling power of the religious leaders than about their
strength. Opposition figures are constantly being imprisoned. Some 11,000
have been arrested since 2001 and more than 5,000 are still in prison today.
General Mansour Sultan al-Turki of the Saudi Arabian Interior Ministry
sits in a leather armchair in a wing of the Interior Ministry in Riyadh and
says, "We must be careful that the current doesn't wash us away." He is part
of a generation that perceived the introduction of the telephone as
"confusing and dangerous" because it would enable women to speak to strange
men. The general has daughters. "The woman is a cause for concern," he says.
Globalization is changing Saudi society as much today as the religious
reformer Mohammed Bin Abd al-Wahhab, who preached the pure teachings of the
Prophet Muhammad and the strict separation of the sexes, did 200 years ago.
As they have everywhere else in the Arab world, the Internet and television
have invaded Saudi Arabia. The divorce rate is 40 percent, families are
shrinking, cities are exploding, and a third of all Saudi Arabians are
overweight.
Some 2 million of the country's 20 million citizens are
studying in universities. After studying abroad, they want the same things
that their parents have: a driver, a nanny and a gardener. But there are no
jobs, and 26 percent of men are unemployed. Young women make up 52 percent
of university students. Many men are horrified at the thought of these women
driving themselves to work in the future.
Interior Minister Nayef bin
Abdul-Aziz is seen as a counterweight to, and potential successor of, his
brother, the moderate reformist Abdullah. Nayef's ministry is a bastion
against all those who could destabilize the Saud monarchy, which has ruled
the country for two generations. A law has been in place for the last three
months that bans demonstrations.
Shiites seem not to be fundamentally
opposed to the state or in favor of overthrowing the king. Instead, they are
protesting over civil rights, for recognition and against discrimination.
The Shiites make up about 10 percent of the population, but they are not
permitted to serve in the military or hold high office. They are denounced
in the schoolbooks as heretics.
Until now, the government has simply
had to reach into its coffers to keep the people happy whenever there has
been a problem. King Abdullah recently promised his people $129 billion in
new benefits. He approved low-interest mortgages, forgave the debts of the
families of deceased farmers, and ruled that students no longer had to repay
the government for their foreign tuition. He also raised the salaries of
civil servants by 15 percent and introduced unemployment insurance. Medical
care is already free for Saudi citizens. Under these circumstances, who
would rebel against the government?
Jamal Khashoggi: "We can't just
spend another 100 trillion riyal tomorrow to keep everyone happy. What do we
do when the oil runs out? This nation will be reformed, just like other
nations. We too need freedom, transparency, the rule of law, a prime
minister, a real parliament." It's no surprise that Khashoggi has been fired
several times from leading Saudi newspapers.
The female blogger
Kholoud al-Fahad, 30, lives in Damman and is the mother of two children. She
wears her hair uncovered. In addition to refusing to wear the face veil
known as the niqab, Fahad often goes out in public without a headscarf.
She writes angry articles about the fact that women in Saudi Arabia are
not permitted to travel without the signed permission of their so-called
male protectors, that they were not allowed to vote once again in local
elections in September, even though the law only requires that a person be
21 years old, be in full command of his mental faculties, and have a Saudi
passport.
Fahad could easily lead a comfortable life behind the walls
of her large house. But she wants to become a TV host. Her family is
horrified over the prospect of her showing her face to an audience of
millions.
In 2009, the king opened the King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology near Jeddah. He had ordered the separation of the
sexes to be lifted at the new institution, where women and men sit next to
each other in lecture halls.
The king and his princes are the glue
that holds society together. Soon the king could be a man who was educated
at an elite American university. The only question is whether the kingdom
will first experience a period of gerontocracy. The sons of the country's
founder, Ibn Saud, are all older than 65 today. Perhaps the biggest source
of instability lies in family rivalry over the throne.
Jamal
Khashoggi: "History is happening. No one can stop it."
Saudi Arabia's Bad Year
Edited by Andy Ross
Saudi Arabia is the spiritual center of the Islamic world, the world's
leading oil exporter, and the leader of the Arab world. But King Abdullah is
88, Crown Prince Sultan is 87, and Prince Nayef, the third in line for the
throne, is 78. The Arab Spring has put them on the wrong side of history.
Last week's gathering of OPEC oil ministers in Vienna ended in discord,
with Saudi representative Ali al-Naimi describing it as "one of the worst
meetings we have ever had." Naimi wanted to increase production quotas in
order to ease high oil prices. But Iran led a bloc of OPEC members that
preferred high revenues. The Saudi response is predicted to be a unilateral
increase in production.
Prince Bandar bin Sultan was recently trying
to recruit Muslim mercenaries from Pakistan, Malaysia, and Indonesia to
defend the kingdom and the more vulnerable members of the Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). The GCC is a motley collection of sheikhdoms that also
includes Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. The
endangered kingdoms of Jordan and Morocco were reported to want to join the
club.
Iran looms menacingly. Saudi Arabia's leadership sees Tehran as
a force for mischief and subversion in the region. Iran's leadership of the
Shiite world is as central to its identity as Saudi Arabia's role in the
more populous Sunni community. In a game timed in terms of centuries, Riyadh
is worried that Tehran has control of the ball.
As for the
Israel-Palestine mess, Prince Turki al-Faisal recently wrote: "U.S. domestic
politics and Israeli intransigence cannot be allowed to stand in the way of
Palestinians' right to a future with a decent quality of life and
opportunities similar to those living in unoccupied countries." Saudi
Arabia, he declared, would use its "considerable diplomatic might" to
support the Palestinians' bid for international recognition at the United
Nations in September.
Turki reminded the world of the 2002 Arab Peace
Initiative, which offered peace to Israel in return for total withdrawal
from occupied Palestinian and Syrian territories, including East Jerusalem,
and a mutually agreed solution of the refugee issue. This is often seen as a
ploy to distract world attention from Saudi involvement in the 9/11
terrorist attacks.
